Injection of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, the etiological cause of gouty arthritis, into murine peritoneal cavities produced an intense recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). After 3 mg MSU crystal injection, cell influx was maximal (∼ 10 × 10⁶ cells per mouse) at 6 hr postinjection and sustained up to the 24 hr time-point. In mice depleted of mast cells by administration of compound 48/80 72 hr before challenge with MSU crystals a lower PMN influx was measured (58% reduction). The occurrence of endogenous mast cell activation, in the MSU response, was validated by the observation that MSU challenge reduced by more than 90% the number of intact mast cells recovered in the peritoneal washes. Pretreatment of mice with a histamine H₁ antagonist (tripolidine; 0.5 mg/kg) or a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist (WEB2086; 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced by 50 to 60% the number of PMN recovered from the peritoneal cavities. The molecular determinants of this process of leukocyte recruitment were also investigated. Treatment of mice with an anti-CD62P or anti-CD62E monoclonal antibody (mAb; 100 μg i.v.) produced a distinct inhibition of PMN recruitment measured at 6 hr, whereas only a combined administration of both monoclonal antibodies was effective in reducing by 60% the influx of PMN caused by the MSU crystals within 24 hr. In conclusion, these data highlight a role for endogenous mast cells and for endothelial-derived selectins in MSU crystal-induced PMN recruitment into the peritoneal cavity, and may be useful to dissect molecular mechanism(s) which may be operating in gouty arthritis.