Human renal dysplasia is a collection of disorders in which kidneys begin to form but then
fail to differentiate into normal nephrons and collecting ducts. Dysplasia is the principal
cause of childhood end-stage renal failure. Two main theories have been considered in its
pathogenesis: A primary failure of ureteric bud activity and a disruption produced by fetal
urinary flow impairment. Recent studies have documented deregulation of gene expression
in human dysplasia, correlating with perturbed cell turnover and maturation. Mutations of …